https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&feed=atom&action=history Main Page - Revision history 2024-03-28T15:53:01Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.26.4 https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7667&oldid=prev Lucky-luc at 16:19, 21 August 2023 2023-08-21T16:19:48Z <p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:19, 21 August 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Models-thumb.png|frameless|left|border|150px|link=#Computational models of human memory]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Models-thumb.png|frameless|left|border|150px|link=#Computational models of human memory]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; 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color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:closed_loop_thumbnail.png|frameless|left|border|150px|link=#Cognitive Neuromodulation]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; 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color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|</div></td></tr> </table> Lucky-luc https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7531&oldid=prev Kahana: /* Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory */ 2022-10-12T17:15:01Z <p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:15, 12 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l71" >Line 71:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that high-frequency activity (HFA, 70-150 Hz) increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall.&#160; HFA also rises just prior to successful vocal free recall (reviewed in [[Publications#BurkEtal15|Burke et al., 2015]]; for a video of the encoding <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect </del>click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ) for a video of the retrieval effect click here [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ).&#160; &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that high-frequency activity (HFA, 70-150 Hz) increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall.&#160; HFA also rises just prior to successful vocal free recall (reviewed in [[Publications#BurkEtal15|Burke et al., 2015]]; for a video of the encoding <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effects </ins>click <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here </ins>[[HFA_Encoding| here]] ) for a video of the retrieval effect click here [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ).&#160; &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|&lt;HTML5video width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; autoplay=&quot;true&quot; loop=&quot;true&quot;&gt;FR&lt;/HTML5video&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|&lt;HTML5video width=&quot;560&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; autoplay=&quot;true&quot; loop=&quot;true&quot;&gt;FR&lt;/HTML5video&gt;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; ''Fig. 3:'' '''Free Recall Paradigm''' By using a free recall task in which participants study a list of words, we can measure episodic memory formation by comparing the spectral correlates associated with encoding items that are later recalled (red) or forgotten (blue). We record electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from subdurally implanted electrodes in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. We can extract spectral signals (power of a given frequency) from the raw EEG voltage traces for each item and measure when and where power at particular frequencies changes. Successful memory formation is associated with increases in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gamma band (65 - 95 Hz) activity </del>in left lateral temporal lobe, medial temporal lobe, and left prefrontal cortex.&#160; The same analyses can be performed on items during recall to assess when and where memories are retrieved. Successful memory retrieval is associated with increases in gamma band activity in the left neocortex and hippocampus as well as increases in theta band (4 -8 Hz) activity in right temporal lobe. '''&#160; &lt;/span&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;&gt; ''Fig. 3:'' '''Free Recall Paradigm''' By using a free recall task in which participants study a list of words, we can measure episodic memory formation by comparing the spectral correlates associated with encoding items that are later recalled (red) or forgotten (blue). We record electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from subdurally implanted electrodes in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. We can extract spectral signals (power of a given frequency) from the raw EEG voltage traces for each item and measure when and where power at particular frequencies changes. Successful memory formation is associated with increases in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HFA </ins>in left lateral temporal lobe, medial temporal lobe, and left prefrontal cortex.&#160; The same analyses can be performed on items during recall to assess when and where memories are retrieved. Successful memory retrieval is associated with increases in gamma band activity in the left neocortex and hippocampus as well as increases in theta band (4 -8 Hz) activity in right temporal lobe. '''&#160; &lt;/span&gt;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7530&oldid=prev Kahana: /* Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory */ 2022-10-12T17:10:47Z <p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:10, 12 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l71" >Line 71:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that high-frequency activity (70-150 Hz) increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall (reviewed in [[Publications#BurkEtal15|Burke et al., 2015]]; for a video<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] )<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Gamma activity in hippocampus and neocortex likewise increases prior to successful recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal07|Sederberg et al., 2007]]; [[Publications#LegaEtal11a|Lega et al., 2011]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; </del>for a video<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>click [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The movie below illustrates these findings. </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that high-frequency activity (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HFA, </ins>70-150 Hz) increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recall.&#160; HFA also rises just prior to successful vocal free </ins>recall (reviewed in [[Publications#BurkEtal15|Burke et al., 2015]]; for a video <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the encoding effect </ins>click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ) for a video <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the retrieval effect </ins>click <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here </ins>[[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7529&oldid=prev Kahana: /* Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory */ 2022-10-12T17:07:37Z <p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:07, 12 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l71" >Line 71:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural and oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">65 </del>- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">95 Hz </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gamma</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">brain oscillations </del>increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall ([[Publications#<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SedeEtal03|Sederberg et al., 2003]]; [[Publications#SedeEtal06|Sederberg et al., 2006]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14</del>|Burke et al.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2014]]; [[Publications#LongEtal14|Long et al., 2014]]; [[Publications#LongKaha14b|Long and Kahana</del>, 2015]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ). Gamma activity in hippocampus and neocortex likewise increases prior to successful recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal07|Sederberg et al., 2007]]; [[Publications#LegaEtal11a|Lega et al., 2011]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). The movie below illustrates these findings. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">frequency activity </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">70-150 Hz</ins>) increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reviewed in </ins>[[Publications#<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BurkEtal15</ins>|Burke et al., 2015]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ). Gamma activity in hippocampus and neocortex likewise increases prior to successful recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal07|Sederberg et al., 2007]]; [[Publications#LegaEtal11a|Lega et al., 2011]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). The movie below illustrates these findings. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: auto; width: 560px&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7528&oldid=prev Kahana at 16:49, 12 October 2022 2022-10-12T16:49:01Z <p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:49, 12 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l43" >Line 43:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 43:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width=&quot;<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">700pt</del>&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 130%&quot;&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width=&quot;<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1200pt</ins>&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 130%&quot;&gt;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our lab investigates human memory and its neural basis using a combination of behavioral, computational, and neurophysiological methods.&#160; In our computational investigations, we build mathematical and computer-simulation models to account for the dynamics of memory retrieval in a variety of episodic and spatial memory tasks.&#160; Because behavioral data provides a sparse reflection of the brain’s activity supporting memory, we simultaneously record neurophysiological signals as patients with arrays of implanted electrodes perform memory tasks.&#160; In these investigations we study neural activity at multiple spatial scales, ranging from individual neurons to spatially-distributed networks of field-potential activity supporting memory.&#160; Several of our current projects also use electrical stimulation to manipulate memory circuits, both for understanding basic memory mechanisms and also for developing therapies to restore memory in patients with brain injury or neurological disease. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Our lab investigates human memory and its neural basis using a combination of behavioral, computational, and neurophysiological methods.&#160; In our computational investigations, we build mathematical and computer-simulation models to account for the dynamics of memory retrieval in a variety of episodic and spatial memory tasks.&#160; Because behavioral data provides a sparse reflection of the brain’s activity supporting memory, we simultaneously record neurophysiological signals as patients with arrays of implanted electrodes perform memory tasks.&#160; In these investigations we study neural activity at multiple spatial scales, ranging from individual neurons to spatially-distributed networks of field-potential activity supporting memory.&#160; Several of our current projects also use electrical stimulation to manipulate memory circuits, both for understanding basic memory mechanisms and also for developing therapies to restore memory in patients with brain injury or neurological disease. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7526&oldid=prev Kahana: /* Neural oscillatory correlates of episodic memory */ 2022-10-09T17:37:34Z <p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neural oscillatory correlates of episodic memory</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:37, 9 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l69" >Line 69:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 69:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Neural <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>oscillatory correlates of episodic memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that 65 - 95 Hz (gamma) brain oscillations increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal03|Sederberg et al., 2003]]; [[Publications#SedeEtal06|Sederberg et al., 2006]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; [[Publications#LongEtal14|Long et al., 2014]]; [[Publications#LongKaha14b|Long and Kahana, 2015]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ). Gamma activity in hippocampus and neocortex likewise increases prior to successful recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal07|Sederberg et al., 2007]]; [[Publications#LegaEtal11a|Lega et al., 2011]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). The movie below illustrates these findings. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We investigate the neurophysiology of episodic memory with electrocorticographic (ECoG) and single neuron recordings from neurosurgical patients who have had electrodes surgically implanted on the cortical surface of the brain or in the medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus) as part of the clinical process of localizing seizure foci. One focus of this research is to determine the oscillatory correlates of successful episodic memory formation and retrieval. Analyses of such recordings have shown that 65 - 95 Hz (gamma) brain oscillations increase while participants are studying words that they will successfully, as opposed to unsuccessfully, recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal03|Sederberg et al., 2003]]; [[Publications#SedeEtal06|Sederberg et al., 2006]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; [[Publications#LongEtal14|Long et al., 2014]]; [[Publications#LongKaha14b|Long and Kahana, 2015]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Encoding| here]] ). Gamma activity in hippocampus and neocortex likewise increases prior to successful recall ([[Publications#SedeEtal07|Sederberg et al., 2007]]; [[Publications#LegaEtal11a|Lega et al., 2011]]; [[Publications#BurkEtal14|Burke et al., 2014]]; for a video, click [[HFA_Retrieval| here]] ). The movie below illustrates these findings. &#160;</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7525&oldid=prev Kahana: /* Computational models of human memory */ 2022-10-09T13:52:05Z <p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Computational models of human memory</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:52, 9 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l59" >Line 59:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 59:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To help explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, we have developed, extended and refined a class of models based on the idea that items in memory become associated with a time-varying representation of spatio-temporal context.&#160; The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]] and TCM-A [[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]) sought to explain the time-scale invariance of recency and contiguity effects in free recall, and dissociations between recall of recent and remote memories. Subsequent modeling work generalized TCM beyond temporal context to account for the influence of semantic knowledge on recall dynamics (CMR, [[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]]). MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]].&#160; &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To help explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, we have developed, extended and refined a class of models based on the idea that items in memory become associated with a time-varying representation of spatio-temporal context.&#160; The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]] and TCM-A [[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]) sought to explain the time-scale invariance of recency and contiguity effects in free recall, and dissociations between recall of recent and remote memories. Subsequent modeling work generalized TCM beyond temporal context to account for the influence of semantic knowledge on recall dynamics (CMR, [[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]]). MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]].&#160; &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] provided a major overhaul of the earlier CMR model, going beyond earlier modeling of individual lists to explain the interaction between memories learned across multiple experiences .&#160; &#160; In their CMR2 model, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana also extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] provided a major overhaul of the earlier CMR model, going beyond earlier modeling of individual lists to explain the interaction between memories learned across multiple experiences .&#160; &#160; In their CMR2 model, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana also extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]]. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Cohen and Kahana (2021, ''Psychological Review'') introduced CMR3 to include the critical role of arousal and emotion in human memory.&#160; They applied their model to diverse phenomena including the role of emotion in organizing memories, state-dependent and mood congruent memory, the role of emotional experiences in producing persistent mood states, including depression, and a novel account of PTSD and its treatment.&#160; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cohen and Kahana (2021, ''Psychological Review'') introduced CMR3 to include the critical role of arousal and emotion in human memory.&#160; They applied their model to diverse phenomena including the role of emotion in organizing memories, state-dependent and mood congruent memory, the role of emotional experiences in producing persistent mood states, including depression, and a novel account of PTSD and its treatment.&#160; </del>A review of this line of research appeared in Kahana (2020), Computational Models of Memory Search, in the ''Annual Review of Psychology''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A review of this line of research appeared in Kahana (2020), Computational Models of Memory Search, in the ''Annual Review of Psychology''. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> '''Python code that runs CMR2 and CMR3 may be downloaded from the lab's publication page.'''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7524&oldid=prev Kahana at 13:51, 9 October 2022 2022-10-09T13:51:00Z <p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:51, 9 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l57" >Line 57:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Computational models of human memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Computational models of human memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To help explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, we have developed, extended and refined a class of models based on the idea that items in memory become associated with a time-varying representation of spatio-temporal context.&#160; The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]] and TCM-A [[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]) sought to explain the time-scale invariance of recency and contiguity effects in free recall, and dissociations between recall of recent and remote memories. Subsequent modeling work generalized TCM beyond temporal context to account for the influence of semantic knowledge on recall dynamics (CMR, [[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]]). MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]].&#160; A review of this line of research appeared in Kahana (2020), Computational Models of Memory Search, in the ''Annual Review of Psychology''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To help explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, we have developed, extended and refined a class of models based on the idea that items in memory become associated with a time-varying representation of spatio-temporal context.&#160; The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]] and TCM-A [[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]) sought to explain the time-scale invariance of recency and contiguity effects in free recall, and dissociations between recall of recent and remote memories. Subsequent modeling work generalized TCM beyond temporal context to account for the influence of semantic knowledge on recall dynamics (CMR, [[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]]). MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.&#160; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] provided a major overhaul of the earlier CMR model, going beyond earlier modeling of individual lists to explain the interaction between memories learned across multiple experiences .&#160; &#160; In their CMR2 model, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana also extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]].</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cohen and Kahana (2021, ''Psychological Review'') introduced CMR3 to include the critical role of arousal and emotion in human memory.&#160; They applied their model to diverse phenomena including the role of emotion in organizing memories, state-dependent and mood congruent memory, the role of emotional experiences in producing persistent mood states, including depression, and a novel account of PTSD and its treatment</ins>.&#160; A review of this line of research appeared in Kahana (2020), Computational Models of Memory Search, in the ''Annual Review of Psychology''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Despite the vast stores of memories we accumulate over a lifetime of experience, the human memory system is often able to target just the right information, seemingly effortlessly. How does the memory system accomplish this feat? Most previous models made the simplifying assumption that memory search is automatically restricted to a target list, largely bypassing the need to target the right information. [[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] developed CMR2&#160; to address this issue. In CMR2, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]].</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style=&quot;margin: 0 auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;20&quot;</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7523&oldid=prev Kahana at 13:43, 9 October 2022 2022-10-09T13:43:12Z <p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:43, 9 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l57" >Line 57:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Computational models of human memory ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Computational models of human memory ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kahana and colleagues (notably Marc Howard, Sean Polyn, Per Sederberg</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lynn Lohnas) have developed </del>a class of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">retrieved-context </del>models<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. These models assume </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the input to the </del>memory <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">system itself produces contextual drift, and that the current state </del>of context <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is used to retrieve items from memory</del>. The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) was introduced to explain recency </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contiguity effects in free recall. Specifically, recency effects appear because the context at the time of the memory test is most similar to the context associated with recent items. When an item is retrieved at test, it reinstates the context active when that item was studied.&#160; Because this context overlaps with the encoding context of the items' neighbors, a contiguity effect results. Consistent with experimental data, </del>TCM <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and its variants also predict that recency and contiguity effects are approximately time</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scale invariant (</del>[[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]). [[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">developed the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model (CMR</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is a generalized version of TCM that accounts for the influence of non-temporal associations (e.g., semantic knowledge) on recall dynamics</del>. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">help </ins>explain the processes underlying encoding, organization and retrieval of episodic memories, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we have developed</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">extended </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">refined </ins>a class of models <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based on the idea </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">items in </ins>memory <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">become associated with a time-varying representation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">spatio-temporal </ins>context. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>The temporal context model (TCM; [[Publications#HowaKaha02|Howard and Kahana, 2002]] and TCM-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A </ins>[[Publications#SedeEtal08|Sederberg, Howard, and Kahana, 2008]]) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sought to explain the time-scale invariance of recency and contiguity effects in free recall, and dissociations between recall of recent and remote memories</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Subsequent modeling work generalized TCM beyond temporal context to account for the influence of semantic knowledge on recall dynamics (CMR, </ins>[[Publications#PolyEtal09|Polyn, Norman, and Kahana (2009)]]). MATLAB scripts to run the CMR model [[CMR|can be downloaded here]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.&#160; A review of this line of research appeared in Kahana (2020), Computational Models of Memory Search, in the ''Annual Review of Psychology''</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the vast stores of memories we accumulate over a lifetime of experience, the human memory system is often able to target just the right information, seemingly effortlessly. How does the memory system accomplish this feat? Most previous models made the simplifying assumption that memory search is automatically restricted to a target list, largely bypassing the need to target the right information. [[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] developed CMR2&#160; to address this issue. In CMR2, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the vast stores of memories we accumulate over a lifetime of experience, the human memory system is often able to target just the right information, seemingly effortlessly. How does the memory system accomplish this feat? Most previous models made the simplifying assumption that memory search is automatically restricted to a target list, largely bypassing the need to target the right information. [[Publications#LohnEtal14| Lohnas, Polyn, and Kahana (2015)]] developed CMR2&#160; to address this issue. In CMR2, memory accumulates across multiple experimental lists, and temporal context is used both to focus retrieval on a target list and to censor retrieved information when its match to the current context indicates that it was learned in a non-target list. The model simultaneously accounts for a wide range of intralist and interlist phenomena, including the pattern of prior-list intrusions observed in free recall, build-up of and release from proactive interference, and the ability to selectively target retrieval of items on specific prior lists (Jang &amp; Huber, 2008; Shiffrin, 1970). [[Publications#HealKaha15|Healey and Kahana (2015)]] used CMR2 to better understand why memory tends to get worse as we age. By fitting CMR2 to the performance of individual younger and older adults, they identified deficits in four critical processes: sustaining attention across a study episode, generating retrieval cues, resolving competition, and screening for inaccurate memories (intrusions). Healey and Kahana extended CMR2 to simulate a recognition memory task using the same mechanisms the free recall model uses to reject intrusions. Without fitting any additional parameters, the model accounts for age differences in recognition memory accuracy. Confirming a prediction of the model, free recall intrusion rates correlate positively with recognition false alarm rates. MATLAB scripts to run the CMR2 model [[Publications#LohnEtal14|can be downloaded here]].</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=7522&oldid=prev Kahana at 13:32, 9 October 2022 2022-10-09T13:32:36Z <p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:32, 9 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10" >Line 10:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid darkgray;&quot;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid darkgray;&quot;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Models-thumb.png|frameless|left|border|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">70px</del>|link=#Computational models of human memory]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Models-thumb.png|frameless|left|border|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">150px</ins>|link=#Computational models of human memory]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width=&quot;110pt&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 130%&quot;&gt;[[#Computational models of human memory|Computational models of human memory]]&lt;/span&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width=&quot;110pt&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 130%&quot;&gt;[[#Computational models of human memory|Computational models of human memory]]&lt;/span&gt;</div></td></tr> </table> Kahana